Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice...

Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System: Rates of Incarceration of Blacks vs. Whites No Equal Justice in the American Criminal Justice System Shawn Y. Williams Troy University-Fort Benning CJ 5571 Probation, Pardon, Parole Instructor’s: Dr. Ronald Craig April 28, 2007 Abstract Racial inequality is growing. Our criminal laws, while facially neutral, are enforced in a manner that is massively and pervasively biased. My research will examine the U.S. criminal justice policies and how it has the most adverse effect on minorities. According to the Justice Department’s Bureau of Justice Statistics, out of a total population of 1,976,019 incarcerated in adult facilities, 1,239,946 or 63 percent are†¦show more content†¦Less is known about the extent of discrimination at the arrest stage, in part because underlying rates of criminal activity by race cannot be easily assessed. Some evidence comes from comparing the race distribution of offenders derived from victims’ surveys with the racial composition of individuals arrested for the same crime. Two studies have found that these distributions are roughly comparable for many violent crimes. African Americans constitute 12% of the U.S. population, 13% of the drug using population and fully 74% of the people sent to prison for drug possession. Studies have shown that minorities are subject to disparate treatment at arrest, bail, charging, plea bargaining, trial, sentencing, and every other stage of the criminal process. These disparities accumulate so that African Americans are represented in prison at seven times their rate in the general population; rates of crime in African American communities is often high, but not high enough to justify the disparity. The resentment destabilizes communities and demeans the entire nation. (Justice, 2004) Human Rights Watch research shows that in every state, the proportion of blacks in prison exceeds, sometimes by a considerable amount, their proportion in the general population. In Minnesota and Iowa, blacks constitute a share of the prison population that is twelve times greater than their share of the state population. In elevenShow MoreRelatedThe Racial Disparities of the American Criminal Justice System1989 Words   |  8 Pagestell you that the American Criminal Justice System is corrupt? Or, that when it comes to working within the color of the law, police officers work around the color of your skin. Are there racial disparities within The Criminal Justice System? There can be no other answer than yes. In this paper I will examine and prove that racial disparities do exists within The Criminal Justice System through the systematic targeting of people of color as well as through our Judicial System. Systematic TargetingRead MoreRacial Inequality919 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is racial inequality? Racial inequality is discrepancies in the opportunities and treatment of people based solely on their race. Racial inequality is a serious issue that is often discussed in the American criminal justice system. Although racial discrimination is present in the criminal justice system, some people use the words inequality, discrimination, racism, and profiling loosely and do not understand how truly complex it is to prove that there actually is racial inequality present inRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Has Served As A Focal Point Of Much Of Societal Racism993 Words   |  4 Pageswhite† (Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)). These studies propose that while criminal behavior cuts across race and class lines, the common response to these behaviors may significantly influence the course of a potential criminal career. Decisions concerning the most effective balance of responses by law enforcement, social services, and community intervention are critical in determining many of these outcomes. Bias within the criminal justice Historically, the criminal justice system has served asRead MoreRacial Impact Statements : Considering The Consequences Of Racial Disproportionalities On The Criminal Justice System964 Words   |  4 Pagestitled, Racial Impact Statements: Considering the Consequences of Racial Disproportionalities in the Criminal Justice System, the article addresses how the American Criminal justice system has been suffering from the dramatic increase in mass incarceration and the uneven rates of racial disproportionalities and disparities. These disproportionate impacts with minorities within the criminal justice system are all impacted from neutral laws, policies and practices. Statements made with racial impactRead MoreRacial Disparity in Sentencing1728 Words   |  7 PagesRacial Disparity in Sentencing Lori Raynor University of Phoenix Cultural Diversity in Criminal Justice CJA/423 Ron McGee September 06, 2010 Abstract In this paper I will illustrate racial disparity in sentencing in the criminal justice system. The causes of racial disparity and the reasons it is on the rise, the research statistics, and the proposed solutions are discussed. Racial Disparity in Sentencing The intersection of racial dynamics with the criminal justice systemRead MoreAfrican American And Other Ethnic Groups Incarcerated Versus Whites1553 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction When we hear the words â€Å"justice system† we should be thinking about fairness, justice, honesty, righteousness. However, contrary to what comes to mind in reality the justice system is rife with inequality, injustice, corruption and dishonestly. The definition for institutional inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group of society (about.com) and this is what people of color are facing on a daily basis. OnRead MoreThe Sentencing Of African Americans1626 Words   |  7 Pages African Americans now constitute nearly 1 million of the total 2.3 million incarcerated; that is 60% of 30% of the African American population. African Americas are incarcerated at nearly six times the rate of whites. â€Å"Between 6.6% and 7.5% of all black males ages 25 to 39 were imprisoned in 2011, which were the highest imprisonment rates among the measured sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age groups. (Carson, E. An n, and Sabol, William J. 2011.) Stated on Americanprogram.org â€Å" The SentencingRead MoreThe Ratio Of African American And Other Ethnic Groups1531 Words   |  7 Pageswords â€Å"justice system† we should be thinking about fairness, justness, honesty, righteousness, but in contrary what comes to mind is inequality, injustice, corruption, dishonestly. The definition for institutional inequality is the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group of society (about.com) and this is what people of color are facing in a daily basis. On this project I intend to research about the ratio of African American and otherRead MoreCriminal Justice: Racial Disparity and Discrimination and O.J. Simpson768 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal law is based on the principle of actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea. The principle is to the extent that a man is not guilty of his acts, actus in the absence of a guilty conscience, mens rea (Gardner, 2009). To this end, criminal law justice provides that the person alleging the commission of a crime must proof beyond reasonable doubt that the accused person(s) possessed mens rea, if the court is to hold a criminal liability against the accused. In the case of People of the State ofRead MoreRacial Disparities Between White And Black Americans935 Words   |  4 Pagestake on criminal justice reform. Recently both political parties have shown bipartisan support for reforming the criminal justice system. Senator Chuck Grassley has introduced a sentencing reform bill that appears to have bipartisan support. [1] Some liberals say this bill will help to address racial disparities; however, although this is a step in the right direction this bill, if it were to become law, would not significantly change the racial disparities between white and black Americans. The

Risks Of Investing In All Types Of Bonds Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4129 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? When interest rates rise, bond prices fall; conversely, rates decline, bond prices rise. The longer the time to a bonds maturity, the greater its interest rate risks. This risk can be reduced by diversifying the durations of the fixed-income investments that are held at a given time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risks Of Investing In All Types Of Bonds Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Interest rate risk affects the value of  bonds  more directly than stocks, and it is a major risk to all bondholders.  As interest rates rise, bond prices fall.  The rationale is that as interest rates increase, the opportunity cost of holding a bond decreases since investors are able to realize greater yields  by switching to other investments that reflect the  higher interest rate. Example For example,  a 5% bond is worth more if interest rates decrease since the bondholder  receives a fixed rate of return relative to the market, which is offering a lower rate of return as a result of the decrease in rates. Yield Curve Risk: The risk of experiencing an adverse shift in market interest rates associated with investing in a fixed income instrument.  The risk is associated with  either a flattening or steepening of the yield curve, which is a result of changing yields among  comparable bonds with  different maturities. Example For example, the Enron bonds fell when Enron declared themselves bankrupt. The restructured Enron Corporation fixed with their creditors, paying them around $0.14 per dollar. For bondholders this arrangement was of $140 for every $1000 face value of each bond. Call risk Many bonds include a call feature that allows the issuer to redeem or call all or part of the issue before the maturity date. The issuer usually retains this right in order to have flexibility to refinance the bond in the future if the market interest rate drops below the coupon rate. This implies three risks from the investor: (a) The cash flow pattern becomes uncertain, (b) The investor becomes exposed to reinvestment risk because the issuer will call the bond when interest rates drop. (c) The capital appreciation potential of a bond will be reduced, because the price of a callable bond may not rise much above the price at which the issuer will call the bond. Example: For example the managers analyze prospective supply and demand for new issues on spreads in individual sectors or issuers to determine the whether be over weighted or underweighted. Prepayment Risk: Prepayment risk is the amount of potential that exists for an investor who do not receive the projected return from the transaction. Risk of this type is associated with any type of lending situation where interest is assessed on the balance, or where investors purchase bonds in anticipation of recovering the face value plus some type of interest from the venture. Example: Mostly in callable bonds the investors pay a premium with high interest rate take on prepayment risk. Additionally to being highly correlated with decreasing interest rates, mortgage prepayments are highly correlated with increasing home values, as increasing home values provide incentive for borrowers to trade up in homes or use cash-out refinance, both leading to mortgage prepayments Reinvestment risk: When interest rates are declining, investors have to reinvest their interest income and any return of principal, whether scheduled or unscheduled, at lower prevailing rates. Three factors affect this risk: Maturity: the yield to maturity measure for long-term coupon bonds tells little about the potential yield that an investor may realize if the bond is held to maturity. Coupon rate: the higher the coupon rate, the larger the size of the cash flows to be reinvested, and the bigger the reinvestment risk. Therefore a zero-coupon bond has zero reinvestment risk if held to maturity, and a premium bond has bigger reinvestment risk than a discount bond. Call, prepayment options and amortizing securities: the reinvestment risk is even greater for these kinds of securities. A callable bond has higher reinvestment risk than a standard bond, because it is likely that the cash flows of the callable bond may be received faster due to the call feature. Example: For example, su ppose you had a nice, safe Aaa-rated corporate bond that paid you 4% a year. Then rates fall to $2%. Your bond gets called. Youll get back your principal, but you wont be able to find a new, comparable bond in which to invest that principal. If rates have fallen to 2%, youre not going to get 4% with a nice, safe new Aaa-rated bond. Credit risk: The risk of an unexpected, future decrease in credit quality that is a result of events such as a corporate acquisition or material changes in taxes, laws, or regulations. Example: Credit risk are predictable at some extend, when change the market condition, social, economic, political and operational requirements. Even taxation, heather change these are all the examples of credit risk. Liquidity risk: The risk of having difficulty in liquidating an investment position without taking a significant discount from current market value. Liquidity risk can be a significant problem with certain lightly traded securities such as unlisted options and municipal bonds that were part of small issues. Also called marketability risk. if the bond issuers credit rating falls or prevailing interest rates are much higher than the coupon rate, it may be hard for an investor who wants to sell before maturity to find a buyer. Bonds are generally more liquid during the initial period after issuance as that is when the largest volume of trading in that bond generally occurs. Currency and exchange-rate risk: Currencies-the Euro, the dollar, pound sterling, etc.move in relationship to one another. If you have investments in other currencies than your own, the risk is that the currency your bond is in will appreciate. When the bonds proceeds are converted back into your own currency, the proceeds will be worth less. Example: Suppose an investor in the United States purchases shares or bonds in a British company. There would be a huge risk that the value of the investment in dollars might be decrease or decline if the pound falls against the US dollar. Inflation risk: Inflation causes tomorrows Euro, pound sterling or dollar to be worth less than todays; in other words, it reduces the purchasing power of a bond investors future interest payments and principal, collectively known as cash flows. Inflation also leads to higher interest rates, which in turn leads to lower bond prices. Inflation-indexed bonds are structured to remove inflation risk. Example: Imagine, for example, that buy a Treasury bond that pays interest of 3.32%. Thats about as safe an investment as you can find. As long as hold the bond until maturity and the U.S. government doesnt collapse, nothing can go wrongÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.unless inflation climbs. If the rate of inflation rises to, say, 4 percent, your investment is not keeping up with inflation. In fact, youd be losing money because the value of the cash you invested in the bond is declining. Youll get your principal back when the bond matures, but it will be worth less. Volatility risk: Volatility risks are understood to be the amount of threat to a given investment, based on conditions currently taking place in the market. This would include some indication that the value of an underlying security is about to enter into a period of fluctuation that will seriously impact performance of the investment. When deciding whether or not to buy a given option, an investor will normally wish to be made aware of the amount of volatility risk currently associated with the investment. Example: Contrarily, bond market volatility is harmful to convertible hedgers. Rapidly decreasing interest rates in 1992-1993 encouraged many companies to call their convertibles sooner than usual, in resultant premature loss of conversion premiums and accrued interest added to hedging difficulties. A static market teamed with a volatile bond market in 1994 caused created the worst possible scenario for convertible bond hedging strategies. The decrease in relative values between convertible and hedging underlying inventory meant extra losses. Fortunately, hedgers surviving in year 1994 have enjoyed several favourable years. Event risk: The risk that a bonds issuer undertakes a leveraged buyout, debt restructuring, merger or recapitalisation that increases its debt load, causing its bonds values to fall, or interferes with its ability to make timely payments of interest and principal. Event risk can also occur due to natural or industrial accidents or regulatory change. Sovereign risk: The risk that the government issuing the bond will act in ways that negatively affect the value of the bond. Example International bonds have varying degree of risk. Fortunately the some rating agencies that evaluate U.S companies provide ratings for bonds issued by foreign corporations and sovereign nations, which certainly alleviates much of the guess work related to credit quality Q 02: Put Option An option content that gives the holder the right to sell a certain quantity of security to writer of the option, at a specified price up to a specified date. A put option is usually called PUT; it is a financial content between two parties, the writer (seller) and the buyer of the option. Call option An option contract that gives the holder the right to buy a certain quality which is usually 100 shares of underlying security from the writer of the option, at specified price up to a specific date called call option. Bond Market is also known as debt, credit and fixed income market, and is market where participants buy and sell debt securities which are in shape of bond. Markets consists of corporate, Government and agency, Municipal, Mortgage backed and Funding. Bond Investor and Bond Issuer Bond Yield In bond yield the coupon interest rate is fixed, the bonds yields varies from day to day depending on current market conditions. Moreover the yield can be calculated in three different ways and different yields are described are as follows. YIELD TO MATURITY (YTM) It is being described as, if you are interested in buying a bond at a market price that is different from the bond per value. There are three numbers commonly used to measure the annual rate of return you are getting your investment: Coupon rate: Annual payout as a percentage of the bound par value Current yield: Annual payout as a percentage of the current market price you will actually pay YTM: Composted rate of return off all payout, coupon and capital gain. YTM is the best of the measure of the return rate. Whatever r is, if you use to calculate the present value of all payouts and then add up these present values, the sum will equal your initial investment. In an equation, c(1 + r)-1  + c(1 + r)-2  + . . . + c(1 + r)-Y  + B(1 + r)-Y  = P c = annual coupon payment (in dollars, not a percent) Y = number of years to maturity B = par value P = purchase price Suppose your bond is selling for  £950, and has coupon rate of 7%; is matures in 4 years and the par value is  £1000. What is theYTM? The coupon payment is  £70 thats 7% of  £1000, so the the equation will be, 70(1 + r)-1  + 70(1 + r)-2  + . . . + 70(1 + r)-Y  + 1000(1 + r)-Y  = 950 Find that r=8.53% Current yield is  £70/ £950=7.737% Bond Selling: Discount Coupon Rate Current Yield YTM Premium Coupon Rate Current Yield YTM Par Value Coupon Rate = Current Yield = YTM YIELD TO PUT (YTP) The yield to put provision allows the bondholder to sell back the bonds to the issuer at a put price. The put provision is advantageous to a bondholder and not the issuer. A put is likely when prevailing interest rates are significantly higher than the coupon rate attachment to the bond. The yield to put is the rate of return if a bond is put to the issuer. For Example a bond matures after 10 years and pays a 6 percent semiannual coupon rate and is selling for $870. The yield to maturity is 7.90% and the first put price is $975 in 3 years. The yield to put is calculated using a financial calculator. The yield to put is 10.42%, which is greater than the yield to maturity (7.90%). Therefore, it is very likely that the investor would put this bond back to the issuer because yield to put is extremely greater than yield to maturity. It takes a greater return to erase the discount sooner which is why a bond selling at a discount sooner which is why a bond selling at a discount can be a positive to the bondholder. In other hand if, bond were selling at a $1095 (premium), the yield to maturity is 4.78%. YIELD TO CALL (YTC) The rate of return earned on a bond if it is called before its maturity date. If you bought a bond that was callable and the company called it, you would not have the option of holding it until it matured. Therefore, yield to maturity would not be earned. Q # 03 Hard peg : National currency (usually that of an industrial power). One country, in other words, pegs the value of its currency to the value of another currency. This is commonly done by countries with a history of monetary instability is used as a means of restoring and maintaining order. The U.S. dollar is frequently used for a hard peg by other smaller nations. Soft Peg: A currency that fluctuates in value frequently. Soft currencies are generally issued by governments that are less stable and/or have weaker economies than stronger currencies. As such, most soft currencies come from countries in the developing world. Central banks rarely hold reserves of foreign soft currencies as they do little or nothing to stabilize the local currency. A soft currency is also called a weak currency. b);An analysis of the difference between pegs and a fixed exchange rate regime. What Is an Exchange Rate? An exchange rate is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. In other words, it is the value of another countrys currency compared to that of your own. for example, the exchange rate for  U.S. dollars  1:5.5 Egyptian pounds, this means that for every U.S. dollar, you can buy five and a half Egyptian pounds. Fixed Exchange Rates A fixed, or pegged, rate is a rate the government sets and maintains as the official exc hange rate. A set price will be determined against a major world currency (usually the U.S. dollar, but also other major currencies such as the euro, the yen or a basket of currencies). In order to maintain the local exchange rate, the central bank buys and sells its own currency on the foreign exchange market in return for the currency to which it is pegged. For example, it is determined that the value of a single unit of local currency is equal to US$3, the central bank will have to ensure that it can supply the market with those dollars. In order to maintain the rate, the central bank must keep a high level of Conclusion Although the peg has worked in creating global trade and monetary stability, it was used only at a time when all the major economies were a part of it. And while a floating regime is not without its flaws, it has proved to be a more efficient means of determining the long-term value of a currency and creating equilibrium in the international market. c); Dollarization: Dollarization occurs when the inhabitants of a country use foreign currency in parallel to or instead of the domestic currency. The term is not only applied to usage of the United States dollar, but generally to the use of any foreign currency as the national currency. The major advantage of dollarization is promoting fiscal discipline and thus greater financial stability and lower inflation. Semi-Dollarization: A country will use both its own currency and the U.S. dollar interchangeably as legal tender. Lebanon and Cambodia are good examples of this. Unofficial Dollarization: For many countries in the developing world, the dollar will be widely used and accepted in private transactions, but it is not classified as legal tender by the countrys government A currency Board is a monetary authority which is required to maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency. This policy objective requires the conventional objectives of a central bank to be subordinated to the e xchange rate target. Fixed Exchange Rate Regime: Fixed exchange rate regime under which the government or central bank ties the official exchange rate to another countrys currency (or the price of gold).The purpose of a fixed exchange rate system is to maintain a countrys currency value within a very narrow band.Also known as pegged exchange rate. Performance of dollarized countries. The economic performance of unofficially and semiofficially dollarized countries has been highly variable, but generally unimpressive. The reason of use the dollarization: increases market access and integration The US often financially supports nations that dollarize. Dollarization works best for small, interdependent nations helps encourage foreign investment Low quality and hampered economic growth which cause high inflation and many other problems. Regional Disaggregation These countries come in this catagary: Canada Central America and the Caribbean Mexico Brazil Argentina The rest of Mercosur: Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay The Andean group: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. d) Brokers are professionals who play an important role in mediating between a lender and a borrower. Brokers collect personal information about the client for the lender. There are many different types of brokers. Below are the more sought-after brokers: Mortgage broker: mortgage brokers guide customers through the process of selecting a suitable mortgage package with competitive package offers. They also offer financial advice on mortgage and property. Real estate broker: real estate brokers finds buyers for those wanting to sell real estate and finds sellers for those wanting to buy real estate. Forex broker: forex brokers are firms or individuals, who assist individuals or firms to trade in the foreign exchange market Stockbroker: a stockbroker is a person or company who buys and sells stocks on behalf of another person or company, and tries to match up buyers and sellers. Insurance broker: insurance brokers source contracts of insurance on behalf of their customers . An investor looking for an investment avenue will benefit greatly from using a broker, as brokers tend to be more up-to-date with trends and happenings in the market. Also as per law the broker has a fiduciary duty to advise the customer in the customers best interest. Q#04 A)How financial globalization is effected by: Deregulation: Deregulation is when the government seeks to allow more competition in an industry that allows near-monopolies. For example, in the 1990s, the electric utility industry began to be deregulated to allow competition. In some cases this in fact occurred successfully. However, fraud occurred as well. On the other hand, the telecommunications and airlines industries were more successfully deregulated. This allowed more competition, and eventually lower prices for these services. However, many companies that could no longer compete went out of business, which had a negative effect on the economy. Capital mobility: Perfect Capital Mobility means that an enormours quantity of funds will be transferred from one currency to another whenever the rate of return on assets in one country is higher than in another. Capital mobility is effected by political power of banks. The bad news is that big banks retain significant political power. The good news is that the intellectual climate has shifted decisively against them. The Introduction of common currencies: For the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire most of Europe has a single, common currency. The US dollar faces the first challenge to its hegemony since it displaced the British pound sterling as the worlds most important currency after the First World War. However, if the Euro is to assume a wider role it will have to flourish in its own continent and survive challenges to the stability of European economies first. The Formation Of Economic Communication and Trading blocks: The concept of trade blocks is crucial in the context of international trade. Trade blocks are free trade zones designed to encourage trade activities across nations. The formation of trade blocks involves a number of agreements on tariff, trade and tax. The activities of trade blocks have huge importance in the economic and political scenarios of the contemporary world. Over the years trading blocks have played a major role in regulating the trend and pattern of international trade. b)How the internet ,and technological advances in computing power and communication affects: Three important issues that are relevant to global banking: how market developments have shaped bank behaviour over time and elicited appropriate responses from financial sector supervisors; how market contestability is important for improving market efficiency in the changing environment; and how some degree of harmonization of standards internationally is necessary to facilitate effective market discipline. Market forces and the rationale of Basel II . Because global market forces are increasingly shaping the structures of national banking systems, supervision needs to be conducted in ways that harness market discipline. The importance of market contestability . Technological developments and international agreements on financial services are making financial markets ever more contestable. Effective market discipline depends on the harmonisation of standards . Global integration is crea ting a need for some degree of harmonisation in this area. Products and Services: Banknotes Bank drafts Bank checques Overdraft Letter of credit Safe deposit boxes ATM Mail Telephonic banking Online banking Mobile banking Video banking b) In the worlds financial markets, four major characteristics: Good and services Labor Capital Technology Modern Financial Markets: Elimination of tariffs and creation of free trade zones with small or no tariffs Reduce the transportation costs, especially resulting from the development of centralization Capital control Technologies that have as their primary characteristic the transfer of information, including more traditional media technologies, such as film, satellite television, and telecommunications. As societies and economies re-orient themselves around technologies, there are inevitable consequences For the domestic and global financial system reform take some characteristics: Trade balance Balance of payments External debts Foreign and foreign investment Currency and foreign exchange control The use of domestic and global financial resources for development purposes is becoming more and more important as access to foreign resources becomes increasingly difficult. In doing that the following are seen to be essential: 1. The deepen financial markets in the context of alternative institutional arrangements; 2. Measures to strengthen market-supporting financial infrastructure; 3. A new regulatory and incentive framework to advance market integration; 4. To improve the financial technology of both informal and formal finance to widen the scope of their operations. 5. Measures to develop linkages among segments. How regulatory reforms may be seen as: .Financial services have also been reshaped by technological and structural changes, including ; Globalization The globalization of financial services has increased financial integration, increased mergers and acquisitions within and across borders, and lowered barriers between markets. Increased financial integration Reductions in trade barriers and transportation costs and advances in communications technology have accelerated international economic integration. Lower barriers between markets Consolidation is also being driven by the dismantling of regulatory barriers separating banking, insurance, and securities activities.Boundaries between different financial intermediaries are being blurred, and universal (or integrated) banking is becoming the norm. Important element of financial services: Technology is the way in which financial services are produced and delivered. In addition, technology is fundamentally change the industrial structure . Technological advances Internet and wireless communication technologies are having a profound effect on financial services. These technologies are more than just new distribution channels they are a completely different way of providing financial services. Changes in industry structure These technological advances are changing the face of the financial services industry . New types of service providers are entering the market within and across countries, including online banks and brokerages, and so-called aggregators (which allow consumers to compare financial services such as mortgage loans and insurance policies; Changes in trading systems New electronic systems have lowered the transaction costs of trading and allow for better price determination because electronic execution and matching techniques imply less chance of market. B~)The following forces to change the financial markets: Political: Government type and stability. Freedom of press, rule of law and levels of bureaucracy and corruption. Regulation and de-regulation trends. Social and employment legislation. Tax policy, and trade and tariff controls. Environmental and consumer-protection legislation. . Economic: Current and project economic growth, inflation and interest rates. Unemployment and labor supply. Levels of disposable income and income distribution. Impact of globalization. Likely impact of technological or other change on the economy. Likely changes in the economic environment. Socio-Cultural: Population growth rate and age profile. Population health, education and social mobility. Population employment patterns, job market freedom and attitudes to work. Press attitudes, public opinion. Lifestyle choices and attitudes. Socio-cultural changes. Technological Environment: Impact of emerging technologies. Impact of Internet, reduction in communications costs and increased remote working. Research and development activity. Impact of technology transfer.

The Cockroach By Kevin Halligan Essay - 1834 Words

Born in the early 1960’s, Kevin Halligan was a Canadian poet who explored different parts of the world from a very young age on. The Cockroach, which is one of his most famous works, is a potential reflection of his experiences and the insights he has gained as an individual, while embarking on a journey of self-actualization. Through the cockroach, we get to see a sense of uncertainty, and a difficult process of contemplation that Halligan undergoes before realizing something that is crucial in his period of existence. Halligan takes us on a journey, which centralizes upon a vital character, a mere cockroach. We see this central body embark on a journey where he finds his true self and establishes a purpose for his life. A feel of positive existentialism is felt across the poem, and the reader is constantly questioning the purpose of every move made by the cockroach. The key instrument Halligan uses in order to emphasize further on his personal thoughts and this strong story is the use of his uniquely grasping diction. Just like any other poem, diction plays a key role in setting a tone and sending across a message to the reader. In order to effectively use diction, a poet must be clearly aware of the purpose, or the story that he or she is intending to put across. To a great extent, the relevant themes of self-realization and existentialism are brought out through the effective and efficient use of diction in Kevin Halligan’s The Cockroach. Halligan does so brilliantly inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Kevin Halligan s The Cockroach1975 Words   |  8 Pages This essay examines the question ‘To what extent does the use of diction highlight significant themes of self-realization and existentialism in Kevin Halligan’s The Cockroach?† The essay first off addresses the influences on the poet, Halligan himself, which would have led him to encounter trials and tribulations in his life. The idea of a journey, a process of learning is established further on. The concept of self-realization is then linked into how this poem is a perfect mirror of the real lifeRead MoreConcerns about Human Conditions in Poems, Summer Farm and The Cockroach by Poets Norman MacCaig and Kevin Halligan851 Words   |  3 PagesThe poets Norman MacCaig and Kevin Halligan express their concern about the human condition in the poems ‘Summer Farm’ and ‘The Cockroach’. As they investigate the role and identity of the individual, the theme of self-reflection is revealed. The title of the poem ‘Summer Farm’ is rather misleading. At first look, it brings us a feeling of warmth and good memories, which are usually related to the summer. ‘Farm’ evokes the same effect with the addition to the visual imagery of animals and natureRead MoreThe Cockroach by Kevin Kalligan1006 Words   |  4 PagesKevin Halligan was born in Toronto, Canada in 1964. He regards himself as an Anglophile and has spent long periods of time living in England, but has also travelled in Asia, where this poem, ‘The Cockroach’, was written. ‘The Cockroach’, is a short passage of a cockroach and how it made its way around a room, moving in lines and loops. It uses many different forms of imagery to depict the cockroach giving it emotion and character. In this poem he apparently focuses an intense concentration on anRead MoreLiterature Marking Scheme9477 Words   |  38 PagesDifferent History’ Gerard Manley Hopkins, ‘Pied Beauty’ Allen Curnow, ‘Continuum’ Edwin Muir, ‘Horses’ Judith Wright, ‘Hunting Snake’ Ted Hughes, ‘Pike’ Christina Rossetti, ‘A Birthday’ Dante Gabriel Rossetti, ‘The Woodspurge’ Kevin Halligan, ‘The Cockroach’ Margaret Atwood, ‘The City Planners’ Boey Kim Cheng, ‘The Planners’ Norman MacCaig, ‘Summer Farm’ Elizabeth Brewster, ‘Where I Come From’ William Wordsworth, ‘Sonnet Composed Upon Westminster Bridge’ Songs of Ourselves: The University

My Ethical Dilemma Of India - 1900 Words

My Ethical Dilemma Describe: On February 12, 2016, my grandmother, whom I was very close with, passed away. Her funeral was held in Bangalore, India a few weeks after. Unfortunately, to be able to go to India, I would have to take off at least 3 weeks off school. Since college classes are not flexible, especially chemistry lab, I would have to either withdraw from the classes that require mandatory attendance, or take a semester off. I would also be withdrawn from the Medical Scholars Program, the reason I came to Saint Louis University, as they do not accept a withdrawn status for any class. Discern and Determine: The primary ethical issue in this example is whether I should attend my grandmother’s funeral, or focus on my studies. As a grandchild and part of the family, I have the moral obligation to be present at my grandmother’s funeral. As the only girl and one of the oldest grandchildren, there are some gender specific roles I have to fulfill. 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Home From Nowhere By James Kunstler - 1361 Words

James Kunstler in his book Home from Nowhere, slams American urban design and goes into detail about its horrifying attributes. He calls the United States a theme park nation that needs superficial stimulation to hide unhappiness. These conditions exist, in part, due to our association of the city with the dirty industrial revolution rather than the more natural green environment that people prefer. He calls the public realm the connective tissue of our everyday world. It is parks, streets, squares, sidewalks, vistas and views and defined open space and seascapes, rural working landscapes and wilderness and porticos and entrances to the more often private spaces of buildings. A good public realm is important to foster interaction between†¦show more content†¦Kohn writes about how this affects our civil discourse, people congregating in suburban shopping malls creates an odd qusi-public / private space leading to questions of free speech. This privatization of the public real m would not occur in traditional society where people congregate at neighborhood parks or downtown plazas and public sidewalks. Perhaps some of the most intolerable consequences of poor urban design are discussed by Powell who writes that sprawl and the fragmentation of people along social and racial lines creates inequality. This is because historically only the middle and upper class were mobile enough to sprawl as discriminatory housing practices disenfranchised minorities and redlined their communities. The problem intensifies as concentrated poverty creates an environment void of opportunities and as Kunstler has stated our auto dependent society disadvantages the poor who lack mobility. Davis highlights these issues of the public realm, inequality, and concentrated poverty while writing about Los Angeles. A city where the wealthy cower behind guarded walls and downtown is filled with skyscrapers that turn inward away from the public. Davis also points out that this type of destruction of the public realm is subsidized by LA’s taxpayers who shelled out two billion dollars to lure banks and professional

Strategy of Using Foreign Investors and Liscensees Essay Example For Students

Strategy of Using Foreign Investors and Liscensees Essay The Strategy of using Foreign Investors and Licensees: a Philippine Perspective †¢ In a certain objectives, use foreign companies †¢ Cooperation with a foreign company can provide a shortcut-attainment of certain goals at a lower cost and in much less time Certain risk or potential problem in cooperation with a foreign firm 1. Government’s approval be obtained 2. Satisfaction of the goals of the foreign company †¢ The Philippine firm must examine the alternative strategies and choose what is the optimum from its point of view Evaluation of Foreign Investing In Philippine setting Pre-Independence days Post-independence days At Present There are a foreign firmexport Foreign Firms number of joint ventures its products through considered or managing agenciesalocal agent Manufacturing its products in the Phils. through partnership with a former importing agent Company Goals o Benefits a Philippine company could get 1. Philippine company may want access to the patent rights or manufacturing rights for a certain type of product a. A product might be manufactured in a number of different countries by several firms each having its own patents. . Easiest arrangement concerned isthrough cash purchase of the rights to manufacture c. Certain brand of a foreign product is selling very well in the local market-trademark †¢ An arrangement must be reached with specific foreign company owner o They will not want their trademark used unless it has assurance that their quality standards can be maintained o They will insist more on a liscense agreement or equity participat ion with accompanying rights to inspect, as well as concurrent royalty payments †¢ Patent- Trademark- 2. Philippinecompany may wish to start manufacturing a new product where technical assistance is required a. Technical services agreement accompany a liscense to manufacture i. Provisions of Technical Services Agreement 1. Help in the design of the plant 2. Provide training for he company’s skilled workers, technicians, engineers and managers 3. Help in product redesign 4. Help in technical advertising 5. Provide full-time or part-time production engineers to help maintain quality and productivity 3. Philippine company feels that it needs to improve its management systems -sometimes the most efficient way of obtaining modern management know-how is to have management contract with a foreign manufacturing company Foreign company turn-key 1. Contract to design and build a plant 2. Train the necessary people 3. Supply some key technicians and managers 4. Maintain full responsibility for the operating the plant until it has reached and sustained the designed and desired capacity †¢ Foreign partner has no equity participation but charged with the full responsibility for total management of Philippine firm o Authority to hire and fire people o Sign contracts †¢ The contract may asssign only for a certain aspect of management. (production management, marketing management etc. ) †¢ Management contract may have no connection with the construction of a new plant it may simply be in connection with a manufacturing liscense agreement Ex. Philippine firms-manufacture consumer products-actively exporting them o In US and European markets where goods have rapidly changing styles/designs, cooperation with a foreign company helps in obtaining advice on trends in styles plus assistance in marketing 4. Access to foreign marketing channels can be one of the most important factors in a firm’s profit potential, as well as in the Philippine’s overall economic development -foreign multi-national firms are to manufacture in a number of countries to: diversify risk to seek new sources of production that offer cost or other advantages Key question:What type of arrangement between the multinational and the Philippine firm? Key variables:degree of equity participation by the foreign firm Quantity of exports which cn be promised 5. Easier access to local financial institutions a. A joint venture agreement may facilitate borrowing foreign international institution b. When a Philippine firm is planning to expand or divers ify (where additional capital is required) usually securing equity participation from the foreign firm may be the very key 6. Provide protection from nationalization o A government will usually hesitate to nationalize foreign assets because of potential repurcussions from the international financial community o A partnership with an interntional institution, ssuch as the international finance corporation(theindustrial investment subsidiary of the World bank ) is probably the best security because nationalization of such a company would jeopardize relations (the Worldbank) 7. Aesthetic Response to Only Justice Can Stop a Curs EssayAll parties to the agrreements must have a sense if net gain. From the point of view of the philipppine firm the role of strategy then isto selectt the scheme which will, over the long term give itthe largest net gain while still giving the governmentand the foreign partnerr room tofeel that their minimum goals, at least, have been achieved. It is necesssary for managers to review the various strategies available to choose new goals which they may not otherwise have considered Types of strategies a. Strategy for type of partner 1. Product range Is it preferable to choose a company thathas a diversified range of products, or one which is highlyspecialized in the product in question? 2. Size o Should one choose as a partner a company which is large, has considrable financial, managerial, and technical resources, orone which is small but would be more respnsive to its relationship with the local firm? 3. Extent of international o peration o A partner with no otherinternational interestsould be more responsive, but it will have less sophistictin in dealing with a foreign firm. Also a large multinationalfirm would have an extensive international marketing network, making it easier for the products of the philippine company to be made available to foreign markets 4. Nationality o There has been an increase in collaboration between both private and public firmsin the developing countries with east-european enterprises, nearly all of which are in the form of technical collaboration agreements b. Ownership strategies Variations: 1. A joint venture majority ownership by the philippine firm 2. A joint venture with a 50-50 split on stock ownership 3. A joint veture with minority philippine ownership 4. License agreements or management contracts with no foreign equity participation 5. A joint venture agreement with initial minority philippine ownership but with a provision that a certain percentage of the stock be sold to the philippie firmby the foreign artner each yearr, until the philippine firm acquires a certain majority percentage 6. A joint venture with a foreign company and the international finance corporation 7. A joint venture with a foreign company and local development bank etc 8. Permitting the foreign partner to buy into the existing philippine firm, or,of establishing a new company to undertake the new type of production c. Control strategies o Control has a wide number f degrees of divisibility nd distribution, between paartners, as well as vis-a-vis the government. It depends upon the type of deision, thenature of the decision making process,and upon prior agreements on rights and responsibilities o Control may cover the following functions: i. Hiring, firing ii. New investment iii. Research and development iv. Pricing v. Dividends vi. Production level ii. Quality control viii. Marketing ix. Exports x. suppliers o maximum divorce of ownership from control (ex. Philippine firm hold 100% of the shares but enter into ong-tem mangement contract with a foreign company to which it gives full powers of management control) D. manufacturing strategies o Refers to the mix of: what portion will be manufactured by the firmin question andwhat would besubcontracted for manufacturing by other philippie firms o The core strategy lies in the philippine firm’s decision-made prior to entry into negotiations with foreign artnerr-on what combination is optimum for it. E. marketing strategies o Interelation between domestic versus export sales o Collaboration with a foreign partner cannot, like war, be a negative-sum game. All parties to the agreement, including the government, must feel that they are net gainers o The role of the strategy is to optimize the achievement of one’s goals whlepermitting the others to satisfy their minimum need â€Å"To a certain extent, the firms in the developing countries should think in terms of exploiting countries. †

Ecopreneurs Developing Sustainable Entrepreneurship

Question: Discuss about the Ecopreneurs for Developing Sustainable Entrepreneurship. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the report is to analyze a business case study. Mr. Zhou is the owner of Heng Leong Nursery. As evident from the case study, Mr. Zhou did not have any tertiary education in business or marketing but his special abilities along with his passion and love for flower business he was able to grow his business and became a successful entrepreneur. The case study showed how effectively Mr. Zhou adopted strategies and turned the threats of the markets into his opportunities. It was his farsightedness and business skills that had helped him to expand his business venture and become a successful businessman. The report will analyze the motivating factors that lead Mr. Zhou to reach at the point where he is now. In addition to this, the opportunities and the threats relative to the demand of the market in Singapore will be evaluated. The business model and its relevance will be evaluated. Based on the analysis, particular thoughts and comments will be made. Conditions that motivated the business venture As stated by Schaper et al. (2014), economic growth of a country creates new opportunities for the development of entrepreneurial activity. Thus, there remains an opportunity for an individual to opt for an entrepreneurial activity rather than choosing a career as an employee. There are certain traits and demographic variable that differentiates an entrepreneurial from a non-entrepreneurial individual. Carland et al. (2015) also pointed that the entrepreneurial venture also depends upon the socio demographic condition of the place from where the individual belongs to. The decision to become an entrepreneur is both a conscious as well as a voluntary act and thus, it is reasonable at times to determine the factors that lead an individual to become the entrepreneur. If the case study is considered in this respect, it can be said that Mr. Zhou only had half a hectare land in Malaysia. If the economic condition of Malaysia is considered, it has been found that from 1960s to 1990s the OECD growth had an average of about 8% that was double that the average growth rate of 3.3% (Kunz and Dow 2015). This economic growth had even surpassed the economic growth rate of USA. He had enough knowledge about plants from his grandmother and developed his entrepreneurial skill about the particular industry by meeting important and eminent people. Although he had no experience in this field, he planned his major selling ideas appropriately in those areas where there were no nurseries. Thus, the risk of competitive market was reduced. The Shaperos entrepreneurial event determines the factors that interacts the social and the cultural factors of a country that actually lead to the creation of influencing an individuals perception. Perceived durability is the product of an individuals intension and the desirability of becoming an entrepreneur that affect the personal attitudes, values and feelings of the person (Jones 2014). The perceived feasibility is the perception of the person towards the available resources and the propensity to act is the personal disposition to act on the decision made by the person. In this respect, it can be easily said that Mr. Zhou did not has any formal education but had the insight about the particular business. There were no big or small nurseries near the vicinity of the firm where Mr. Zhou owned the nursery. In addition to this, he had the basic opportunities of the market because there were no such competitors in the flower industry in the region where Mr. Zhou had his operations. Primarily, it can be said that he only had intensions for expanding the business rather than making huge profit. It has been understood that in order to expand the business, creating a positive reputation in the market is necessary and thus, he focused on building the reputation of his business. Thus, it can be easily inferred that Mr. Zhou knew his business well and this was the sole reason that ultimately lead him success in his business. Opportunities relative to market demands As stated by Abor (2017), in order to develop a business, understanding the opportunities of the market is the most vital part. One needs to quantify the potential demand of the service or the product and find out reasons to meet the need of the consumers of the particular market. If the early stage of the business is considered, Mr. Zhou focused on the catering its business only to the customers in areas near Johor Bahru. Later, he provided services to the developers and home owners as well. Primarily, Mr. Zhou used to supply his products to the local people but later on gaining better market opportunities, he started exporting his product to the market of Singapore. Moreover, the exchange rate was favorable and he took the advantage of the same and created a win-win situation in the industry. With his approach towards providing affordable ranges of product, he gained the trust of the consumers that helped him to make market domination (Bjerke and Gaddefors 2017). In addition to thi s, Mr. Zhou also started to sell his products in the nurseries and with this approach he was able to expand his business throughout. The supply of the flowers even increased during the festive seasons such as the Chinese New Year, Valentines Day and the Christmas. Therefore, the opportunities of the Singapore and the Malaysia market have helped him to carry out his business venture successfully. Description of the business model, its relevance, strengths and weaknesses The plan that is designed for a successful business operation, identifying the sources of revenue and the intended customer base along with details of financing the business is called the business model. If the business model for the nursery of Mr. Zhou is taken into consideration, it has to be said that there was no rigid business model (Schaper et al. 2014). Mr. Zhou started his nursery because he was fond of flowers and plants and utilized his small piece of land to grow more plants and sell them to support his family. If the relevance of the business model is considered, it can be said that Mr. Zhou took the best opportunity of the market and started the business that could fetch him good return (Blackburn et al. 2013) Strength of the business model: Mr. Zhou took the opportunities of the market and became the sole distributor of nursery plants in the Kulai district. Later, when the demand increased, he thought of expanding his business and transits his retail business into the wholesale business. He took the major opportunities of the market that had helped him to expand his business (Henrekson and Sanandaji 2014). When he found that the currency rate of Singapore is high, he took the advantage and started exporting to Singapore. Therefore, it can be said if not initially but the business model focused on expansion. Weakness of the business model: If the weakness is considered, it has to be said that there was no future business plan from the end of Mr. Zhou. Again, it was also evident that he had no future development plan as well but it was only based on the opportunity that he got from time to time, he started expanding his business (Williams and Martinez 2014). Another important point can be highlighted here that Mr. Zhou never had the intension of monopolizing in the market but his motto was to provide product in an affordable prize. It can be mentioned that there were no particular work force for the business and that Mr. Zhou was the only person behind the entire business. Thoughts and comments: This part of the report highlights the understanding of business entrepreneurship and how tactfully Mr. Zhou has improved his business ventures throughout his lifetime. Any business organization before starting a business venture should consider the factors of viability as well as feasibility of the products or the service concerned, in order to assess and evaluate the extent to which the conduction of the business will help it achieve profit at year end (Baker 2014). In the case study discussed above, the owner Mr. Zhou has been conducting his business of nursery in a highly discreet way. However, while determining the viability of his business, it should be remembered that the business is expected to enjoy long-sustenance in future. Considering the consumer-friendly strategies Mr. Zhou introduces, such as competitive price strategy, his organization is expected to benefit largely from the retention of existent consumers. Besides, since his organization acts as a supplier to its competitive organizations, the annual revenue the organization is expected to enjoy is likely to increase over the years, even in the face of cut-throat competition (Ahmad et al. 2014). As far as the viability of the organization is concerned, it should be mentioned that keeping into consideration, the wide network connections the organization enjoys the company is less likely to suffer any form of potential threat from the arch rivals of the industry. However, Mr. Zhou has to promote the organization via social media tools if it intends to sustain its popularity and attract new consumers. Since Mr. Zhou himself is not tech-savvy, he has to adopt a more organized approach while promoting the name of his organization. (Schaper 2016) It is worthwhile to mention here that innovative promotional strategies also play an important role in determining the fate of a company, and the price strategy can not alone help a company survive. Although Mr. Zhou has achieved a huge success in his business of Heng Leong Nursery, it should be noted here that in order to ensure its sustenance the organization has to adopt a more organized approach. First of all, the natural disasters, especially the flood occurring in the region, are a source of potential challenge for the nursery. Since there are multiple ways in which the foods can affect the plants, hence Zhou should expand further. Apart from the expansion policy, the company had to appoint risk analysts entrusted with the duty of identifying the potential business risks, and eliminating the same beforehand (Barber et al. 2016). The company should hire at least one flood risk manager for solving this problem, as the flood can be a serious threatening factor in any horticulture-based industry. The risk could have been controlled by the organization. Since the organization in itself is located in a very interior part of the region, the consumer could fail to gain sufficient consumer exposure (Mariotti and Glackin 2014). Hence, the organization had to capture consumer attention by the expansion policy as mentioned earlier, as well as the promotional policy. Mr. Zhou could consider the option of hiring a marketing manager, responsible for promoting the products of the organization in the local as well as the foreign market via traditional media tools and digital media. The promotional strategy could help the organization enhance its goodwill and brand value. The Growth Potential, Gaps and Sustainability of the Business: The organization is expected to witness an unprecedented growth over the coming years. As far as the growth of the organization is concerned, two factors are responsible for the same- great rapport with the consumers and the wide network in business. Over the years Mr. Zhou has ensured that the consumers are being valued and thus he has provided them the products at most competitive prices, and has even ensured the fastest delivery of their products (Blackburn et al. 2013). However, the only gap that has been identified here is that Mr. Zhou has been conducting the business purely based on his professional experience. However, in the face of cut-throat competition, he has to introduce innovative strategies for further survival and hence the appointment of a marketing manager or a risk analyst is a mandate. With his limited knowledge, Mr. Zhou might enjoy the ownership but should rest the responsibility of managing the business on a qualified man, with better professional skills and e xpertise (Kumar et al. 2013). This would help the business get the most of the innovative strategies that would help in the long-term sustenance of the business. Conclusion: A detailed discussion has been carried on the business case study started by Mr. Zhou. The relevance, strength and weakness of the business model have been carried on. It has been understood that Mr. Zhou took the opportunity of the market and expanded his business step by step. His passion for his business has leaded him to the current position where his business is right now. This clearly showed that he knew his business well and his cost effective ideas helped him to expand his business. If the weakness of his business plan is considered, it has to be said that there was no such planning made by Mr. Zhou. If he had made a business plan and took financial help as well, then there remained an opportunity that the business could become more prosperous. In addition to this, the thoughts and comments on the business model have also been shared in the report. It has been understood that in order to be a successful entrepreneur, one needs to understand the business well and has to involve in the continuous process of building up the business. At the same time, for an entrepreneur, getting proper market opportunity is also important. Mr. Zhou had the insight and the knowledge of the market and the business that made him a successful entrepreneur. The case study has helped to improve my understanding about entrepreneurship and business ventures. References: Abor, J. Y. 2017. Harvesting the Business Venture Investment. InEntrepreneurial Finance for MSMEs(pp. 371-390). Springer International Publishing. Ahmad, S.Z., Jabeen, F. and Khan, M., 2014. Entrepreneurs choice in business venture: Motivations for choosing home-stay accommodation businesses in Peninsular Malaysia.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, pp.31-40. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Barber, J., Metcalfe, S., and Porteous, M. (Eds.). 2016.Barriers to growth in small firms. Routledge. Bjerke, B. and Gaddefors, J., 2017. 2. Starting a business venture rationally or naturallyexploiting an opportunity in space or developing a place.Research Handbook on Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Reopening the Debate, p.68. Blackburn, R.A., Hart, M. and Wainwright, T., 2013. Small business performance: business, strategy and owner-manager characteristics.Journal of small business and enterprise development,20(1), pp.8-27. Carland Jr, J.W., Carland, J.A.C. and Carland III, J.W.T., 2015. Self-actualization: The zenith of entrepreneurship.Journal of Small Business Strategy,6(1), pp.53-66. Henrekson, M. and Sanandaji, T., 2014. Small business activity does not measure entrepreneurship.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(5), pp.1760-1765. Jones, H., 2014. Analyzing the Management Factor in New Small Business Venture Capital Risk Analysis-A New Approach. Kumar, V., Bhaskaran, V., Mirchandani, R. and Shah, M., 2013. Practice prize winnercreating a measurable social media marketing strategy: increasing the value and ROI of intangibles and tangibles for hokey pokey.Marketing Science,32(2), pp.194-212. Kunz, D.A. and Dow III, B.L., 2015. Organizing and financing a new business venture.Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies,21(1), p.24. Mariotti, S. and Glackin, C., 2014.Entrepreneurship and small business management. Pearson Higher Ed. Schaper, M. ed., 2016.Making ecopreneurs: developing sustainable entrepreneurship. CRC Press. Schaper, M.T., Volery, T., Weber, P.C. and Gibson, B., 2014. Entrepreneurship and small business. Schaper, M.T., Volery, T., Weber, P.C. and Gibson, B., 2014. Entrepreneurship and small business. Williams, C.C. and Martinez, A., 2014. Do small business start-ups test-trade in the informal economy? Evidence from a UK survey.International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business,22(1), pp.1-16.